The History of Calculus Who found it, who fought over it, and why your notation looks the way it does

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Appendix J

Bibliography

T​‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌​he access column is the honesty control: a source marked abstract only or not obtained supports no claim anywhere in this book, and is listed so you know it exists and know it is not load-bearing.

Tier 1: primary sources and critical scholarly editions of them

Tier 1: primary sources and critical scholarly editions of them. 73 sources, alphabetical by author.
ID Reference (APA 7) Language Access
S189 [Newton], I. (1715). An Account of the Book entituled Commercium Epistolicum Collinii et aliorum, de Analysi promota. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 29 (342), 173-224 (esp. 205-206). Royal Society. https://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Newton/CommerciumAccount/CommAcc.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 6
en read in full
S280 [Newton], Isaac (anonymous) (1715). An Account of the Book entituled Commercium Epistolicum Collinii & aliorum, de Analysi promota. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 29, no. 342 (Jan-Feb 1714/5), 173-224. Royal Society. https://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Newton/CommerciumAccount/CommAcc.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 8 (3 times)
en;la read in full
S364 Abel, N. H. (1826). Recherches sur la serie 1 + (m/1)x + (m(m-1)/1.2)x^2 +. Journal fuer die reine und angewandte Mathematik; repr. in Oeuvres completes (Sylow & Lie, 1881), 1 (Oeuvres vol. 1), 311-339 (Oeuvres 66-92). Grondahl. https://archive.org/details/oeuvrescomplete01abelgoog
Cited in: Chapter 10 (3 times)
fr read in full
S490 Abel, N. H. (1902). Abel to Bernt Michael Holmboe, Berlin, 16 January 1826 (letter VI) - French translation by P. G. la Chesnais and the Dano-Norwegian original, printed in parallel. Niels Henrik Abel: Memorial publie a l'occasion du centenaire de sa naissance (Holst, Stormer & Sylow, eds.), p. 16 in each of the two parallel correspondence sections (letter runs pp. 13-16; archive.org scan leaves 164 and 300). Kristiania: Jacob Dybwad. https://archive.org/details/nielshenrikabelm00hols
Cited in: Chapter 10 (3 times)
fr;da;no read in full
S319 Agnesi, M. G. (1748). Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventu italiana. Nella Regia-Ducal Corte, Milan. https://archive.org/details/A298183
Cited in: Chapter 9
it read in full
S320 Agnesi, M. G. (1801). Analytical Institutions in Four Books: Originally Written in Italian (trans. John Colson, ed. John Hellins). Taylor and Wilks, London. https://archive.org/details/analyticalinstit00agnerich
Cited in: Chapter 9 (2 times)
en read in full
S239 Babbage, C. (1864). Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57532
Cited in: Chapter 8 (3 times)
en read in full
S158 Barrow, Isaac (J. M. Child, Trans.) (1916). The Geometrical Lectures of Isaac Barrow. Open Court Publishing Company. https://archive.org/details/geometricallectu00barruoft
Cited in: Chapter 5
en read in full
S310 Berkeley, G. (1734). The Analyst; or A Discourse Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician. The Works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, ed. A. A. Luce & T. E. Jessop, 4, 53-102. Thomas Nelson and Sons. https://math.dartmouth.edu/~matc/Readers/HowManyAngels/Analyst/Analyst.html
Cited in: Chapter 9 (5 times)
en read in full
S337 Bernoulli, J. (1697). Lettre de Mr. Bernoulli a l'Auteur. Histoire des ouvrages des scavans (ed. H. Basnage de Beauval), June 1697, 455. Reinier Leers, Rotterdam.
Cited in: Chapter 9
fr not obtained, supports no claim
S363 Bolzano, B. (1817). Rein analytischer Beweis des Lehrsatzes, dass zwischen je zwey Werthen, die ein entgegengesetztes Resultat gewaehren, wenigstens eine reelle Wurzel der Gleichung liege. Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften 153 (repr. 1905, ed. P. E. B. Jourdain), 1-60. Gottlieb Haase (1817); Engelmann (1905). https://archive.org/details/reinanalytische00hankgoog
Cited in: Chapter 10 (3 times)
de read in full
S321 Brewster, D. (1831). The Life of Sir Isaac Newton. John Murray, London. https://archive.org/details/b33028035_0001
Cited in: Chapter 9 (5 times)
en read in full
S450 Cajori, F. (1928). A History of Mathematical Notations, Volume I: Notations in Elementary Mathematics. Open Court Publishing Company. https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema031756mbp
Cited in: Chapter 5 (2 times)
en read in full
S451 Cajori, F. (1929). A History of Mathematical Notations, Volume II: Notations Mainly in Higher Mathematics. Open Court Publishing Company. https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema027671mbp
Cited in: Chapter 7, Chapter 9, Appendix K
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S361 Cauchy, A. (1821). Cours d'analyse de l'Ecole royale polytechnique. I.re partie: Analyse algebrique. Imprimerie Royale / Debure. https://archive.org/details/coursdanalysedel00cauc
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
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S362 Cauchy, A. (1823). Resume des lecons donnees a l'Ecole royale polytechnique sur le calcul infinitesimal. Imprimerie Royale / Debure. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_y7FSr1rrFsIC
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
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S196 Chaloner, W. (1699). William Chaloner's Letter to Isaac Newton (MINT 15/17/205). The Newton Project (MINT00918). University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/MINT00918
Cited in: Chapter 6 (2 times)
en read in full
S230 Child, J. M. (trans.) (1920). The Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz. Open Court. https://archive.org/details/earlymathematic01gerhgoog
Cited in: Chapter 7 (8 times), Chapter 8 (2 times)
en;la read in full
S446 College Board (2024). AP Program Summary Report 2024. College Board. https://reports.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/program-summary-report-2024.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 12
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S447 College Board (2024). AP Score Distributions by Subject, 2024. College Board. https://reports.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-score-distributions-by-subject-2024.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 12 (2 times)
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S181 Conduitt, J. (n.d.). Drafts of various sections of the Memoir of Newton (Keynes Ms. 129.02). The Newton Project (THEM00146), ff. 1r-2v. University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/THEM00146 en read in full
S182 Conduitt, J. (n.d.). Draft account of Newton's life at Cambridge (Keynes Ms. 130.04). The Newton Project (THEM00167). University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/THEM00167 en read in full
S366 Dedekind, R. (1901). Essays on the Theory of Numbers: I. Continuity and Irrational Numbers; II. The Nature and Meaning of Numbers (W. W. Beman, Trans.). Open Court. https://archive.org/details/cu31924001586282
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
en read in full
S318 Euler, L. (1748). Introductio in analysin infinitorum [E101]. Marcum-Michaelem Bousquet, Lausanne. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jQ1bAAAAQAAJ
Cited in: Chapter 9 (2 times)
la read in full
S067 Gregorius a Sancto Vincentio, (Gregoire de Saint-Vincent) (1647). Opus geometricum quadraturae circuli et sectionum coni decem libris comprehensum. Ioannes et Iacobus Meursius, Antwerp. Google Books scan bub_gb_Bk9vKVkq6mgC, supplied by the user 2026-08-14
Cited in: Chapter 5 (3 times), Appendix K
la read in full
S439 Hayes, C. (1704). A treatise of fluxions: or, an introduction to mathematical philosophy. Edw. Midwinter for Dan. Midwinter and Tho. Leigh. https://archive.org/details/atreatisefluxio00hayegoog
Cited in: Chapter 12 (3 times)
en read in full
S001 Heath, T. L. (1897). The Works of Archimedes, edited in modern notation with introductory chapters. Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/worksofarchimede00arch
Cited in: Chapter 2
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S002 Heath, T. L. (1912). The Method of Archimedes, Recently Discovered by Heiberg: A Supplement to the Works of Archimedes, 1897. Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/methodofarchimed00arch
Cited in: Chapter 2 (5 times)
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S365 Hermite, C. (1905). Correspondance d'Hermite et de Stieltjes, Tome II (18 octobre 1889 - 15 decembre 1894). Gauthier-Villars. https://archive.org/details/correspondancedh02herm
Cited in: Chapter 10 (3 times)
fr read in full
S283 Keill, J. (1708). Epistola ad clarissimum virum Edmundum Halleium . de legibus virium centripetarum. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 26, no. 317, 174-188. Royal Society. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rstl/article/26/317/174/110406/
Cited in: Chapter 8
la not obtained, supports no claim
S440 Keisler, H. J. (2000/2026). Elementary calculus: an infinitesimal approach (On-line Edition; Epilogue read in full). University of Wisconsin-Madison / orig. Prindle, Weber and Schmidt. https://people.math.wisc.edu/~hkeisler/calc.html
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
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S159 Kepler, J. (1615). Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum. Johannes Plancus, Linz. https://archive.org/details/den-kbd-pil-21009000066F-001
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S454 Knott, C. G. (1911). Life and Scientific Work of Peter Guthrie Tait. Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/lifescientificwo00knotuoft en read in full
S417 Kovalevsky, S. (1895). Sonya Kovalevsky: her recollections of childhood (trans. I F Hapgood), with a biography by A C Leffler. The Century Co. https://archive.org/details/snyakovalvsk00kovauoft
Cited in: Chapter 11
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S316 L'Hospital, G. F. A. d. (1696). Analyse des infiniment petits, pour l'intelligence des lignes courbes. Imprimerie Royale, Paris (read in the 1716 2nd ed.). https://archive.org/details/infinimentpetits1716lhos00uoft
Cited in: Chapter 9 (2 times)
fr read in full
S317 Lagrange, J. (1797). Theorie des fonctions analytiques, contenant les principes du calcul differentiel, degages de toute consideration d'infiniment petits ou d'evanouissans, de limites ou de fluxions, et reduits a l'analyse algebrique des quantites finies. Imprimerie de la Republique, Paris. https://archive.org/details/theoriedesfoncti00lagr
Cited in: Chapter 9 (3 times)
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S231 Leibniz, G. W. (1684). Nova methodus pro maximis et minimis, itemque tangentibus. Acta Eruditorum, Oct 1684, 467-473 (plate Tab. XII). Leipzig. https://archive.org/details/s1id13206500/page/467/mode/1up
Cited in: Chapter 7 (5 times), Chapter 8, Chapter 9
la read in full
S233 Leibniz, G. W. (1686). De geometria recondita et analysi indivisibilium atque infinitorum. Acta Eruditorum, Jun 1686, 292-300. Leipzig. https://archive.org/details/s1id13206520
Cited in: Chapter 7 (2 times)
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S242 Leibniz, G. W. (1695). Letter from Hanover to G. F. A. de l'Hopital, 30 September 1695. Leibnizens mathematische Schriften (ed. Gerhardt), 2, 301-302. H. W. Schmidt. fr;la not obtained, supports no claim
S240 Leibniz & Clarke (ed. Bennett), G. W. /. S. /. J. (2007). Exchange of papers between Leibniz and Clarke (1715-1716). Early Modern Texts. https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1715_1.pdf en;fr read in full
S241 Leibniz (ed. Gerhardt), G. W. /. C. I. (1849-1863). Leibnizens mathematische Schriften [vol. containing the Leibniz-Wallis correspondence]. H. W. Schmidt. https://archive.org/details/leibnizensmathe02leibgoog
Cited in: Chapter 7 (2 times), Chapter 8
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S232 Leibniz (trans. Walker), G. W. /. E. (1929). On the Calculus [Nova methodus 1684; De geometria recondita 1686]. D. E. Smith (ed.), A Source Book in Mathematics, 619-626. McGraw-Hill. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:A_Source_Book_in_Mathematics.djvu/657
Cited in: Chapter 7 (3 times), Chapter 8
en;la read in full
S455 Lewis and Short, C. T. a. C. (1879). A Latin Dictionary, entry calculus. A Latin Dictionary, founded on Andrews edition of Freunds Latin dictionary, entry calculus. Clarendon Press / Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dcalculus
Cited in: Chapter 1 (2 times)
en;la read in full
S311 Maclaurin, C. (1742). A Treatise of Fluxions: In Two Books. T. W. and T. Ruddimans, Edinburgh. https://archive.org/details/atreatisefluxio00conggoog
Cited in: Chapter 9 (3 times)
en read in full
S461 Maclaurin, C. (1742). A Treatise of Fluxions, in Two Books. T. W. and T. Ruddimans. https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_a-treatise-of-fluxions-_maclaurin-colin-profes_1742_2 en not obtained, supports no claim
S415 Menabrea (trans. and notes by Lovelace), L. F. (1843). Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage, with notes by the translator. Scientific Memoirs, 3, 666-731. Richard and John E. Taylor. https://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html
Cited in: Chapter 11 (3 times)
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S183 Newton, I. (1666). The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions (CUL MS Add. 3958.3). The Newton Project (NATP00100), ff. 48v-63v. University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00100
Cited in: Chapter 6, Chapter 8
en read in full
S184 Newton, I. (1669). De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas (RS MS/81/4). The Newton Project (NATP00204), 15 pp. on 9 ff. University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/diplomatic/NATP00204
Cited in: Chapter 5, Chapter 6 (2 times)
la read in full
S188 Newton, I. (1676). Letter to Henry Oldenburg, 24 October 1676 (Epistola posterior; CUL MS Add. 3977.1). The Newton Project (NATP00196), ff. 1r-10r. University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00196 la read in full
S197 Newton, I. (1676). Letter to Robert Hooke, 5 February 1675/6 (HSP; Turnbull Corr. I, no. 154). The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, 1, 416-417. Cambridge University Press. https://digitallibrary.hsp.org/index.php/Detail/objects/9792 en abstract only, supports no claim
S281 Newton, I. (1676). Letter from Isaac Newton to Henry Oldenburg, 24 October 1676 (epistola posterior). The Newton Project, NATP00196. University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00196
Cited in: Chapter 8 (4 times)
la read in full
S187 Newton, I. (1710). Introduction to the Quadrature of Curves (trans. John Harris). Lexicon Technicum, vol. 2, 2, pp. 1-4. https://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Newton/Quadratura/HarrisIQ.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 6
en;la read in full
S289 Newton, I. (1713). Newton's draft response to the 'charta volans' of 29 July 1713 (CUL MS Add. 9597/2/18/94). The Newton Project, catalogue ID NATP00290, 2 folios, c. 939 words. University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00290 en;la read in full
S185 Newton, I. (1736). The Method of Fluxions and Infinite Series; with its Application to the Geometry of Curve-lines (trans. John Colson). Henry Woodfall. https://archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt
Cited in: Chapter 6
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S186 Newton, I. (1846). Newton's Principia: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (trans. Andrew Motte 1729). Daniel Adee. https://archive.org/details/newtonspmathema00newtrich
Cited in: Chapter 6
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S072 Newton, Isaac (I. B. Cohen & A. Whitman, Trans.) (1999). The Principia: Mathematical principles of natural philosophy, preceded by A Guide to Newton's Principia by I. B. Cohen. University of California Press. PDF supplied by the user 2026-08-14
Cited in: Chapter 6
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S282 Newton, I. (c.1712-1715). An account of the Commercium Epistolicum [holograph draft]. Cambridge University Library MS Add. 3968, ff. 67r-96v; Newton Project NATP00352, 30 ff. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00352
Cited in: Chapter 8
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S195 Newton, I. (n.d.). Twelve articles on religion (Keynes Ms. 8). The Newton Project (THEM00008), f. 1r. University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/diplomatic/THEM00008
Cited in: Chapter 6
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S286 Newton, I. (n.d.). Appendix [on the history of the method of fluxions]. The Newton Project, OTHE00130. University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/OTHE00130 en;la read in full
S107 Oresme, N. (1968). Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum, III.vii (Clagett ed. & trans.). Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions, III.vii. University of Wisconsin Press. https://www.uni-due.de/imperia/md/content/didmath/ag_jahnke/oresme.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 4 (2 times)
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S492 Perry, John (ed.) (1902). Discussion on the Teaching of Mathematics, which took place on September 14th [1901] at a joint meeting of Section A (Mathematics and Physics) and Section L (Education), British Association, Glasgow. London: Macmillan. https://archive.org/details/discussiononteac00britiala
Cited in: Chapter 12 (3 times)
en read in full
S391 Riemann, B. (1892). Ueber die Darstellbarkeit einer Function durch eine trigonometrische Reihe, in Gesammelte mathematische Werke und wissenschaftlicher Nachlass (2nd ed., H. Weber, Ed.). Teubner. https://archive.org/details/gesammeltemathem00riemuoft
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
de read in full
S066 Sarasa, A. A. d. (1649). Solutio problematis a R. P. Marino Mersenno minimo propositi: datis tribus quibuscumque magnitudinibus, rationalibus vel irrationalibus, datisque duarum ex illis logarithmis, tertiae logarithmum geometrice invenire. Ioannes et Iacobus Meursius, Antwerp. Google Books scan bub_gb_TGi3Dzr7QoC, supplied by the user 2026-08-14
Cited in: Chapter 5 (5 times), Appendix E, Appendix K
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S423 Skopinski and Johnson, T. H. a. K. G. (1960). Determination of azimuth angle at burnout for placing a satellite over a selected earth position. NASA Technical Note D-233 (L-289), 1-15 + appendices. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19980227091
Cited in: Chapter 11 (3 times)
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S413 Somerville, M. (1831). Mechanism of the heavens. John Murray. https://archive.org/details/mechanismofheave00somerich
Cited in: Chapter 11
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S412 Somerville, M. (1873). Personal recollections, from early life to old age, of Mary Somerville, with selections from her correspondence. John Murray. https://archive.org/details/personalrecollec00someuoft
Cited in: Chapter 11 (4 times)
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S180 Stukeley, W. (1752). Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life (MS/142, Royal Society). The Newton Project (OTHE00001), ff. 15r-16r etc. University of Oxford. https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/OTHE00001
Cited in: Chapter 6 (2 times)
en read in full
S339 Thiebault, D. (1804). Mes souvenirs de vingt ans de sejour a Berlin. Paris. fr not obtained, supports no claim
S411 Whewell, W. (1834). [Review of] On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, by Mrs. Somerville (published anonymously). The Quarterly Review, 51 (no. 101), 54-68. John Murray. https://blogs.kent.ac.uk/sciencecomma/files/2015/04/whewell_1834_scientist.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 11 (2 times)
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S190 Whiteside, D. T. (1967). The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, Vol. 1: 1664-1666. Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/MathematicsIsaacNewtonVol1_1664-66Whiteside1967
Cited in: Chapter 6 (6 times), Appendix K
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S192 Whiteside, D. T. (1969). The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, Vol. 3: 1670-1673. Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/MathematicsIsaacNewtonVol3_1670-73Whiteside1969
Cited in: Chapter 6 (4 times)
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S191 Whiteside, D. T. (1974). The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, Vol. 6: 1684-1691. Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/MathematicsIsaacNewtonV616841691Whiteside1972
Cited in: Chapter 6 (2 times)
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S338 Whiteside, Derek Thomas (Ed.) (1981). The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, vol. 8, pp. 9-10, notes 21-22. Cambridge University Press. en not obtained, supports no claim

Tier 2: peer-reviewed articles and academic-press monographs

Tier 2: peer-reviewed articles and academic-press monographs. 61 sources, alphabetical by author.
ID Reference (APA 7) Language Access
S133 Alexander, A. (2018). On indivisibles and infinitesimals: A response to David Sherry. Foundations of Science, 23(2), 393-398. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-017-9523-1
Cited in: Chapter 5
en read in full
S051 Almeida, D. F. (2007). Kerala Mathematics and Its Possible Transmission to Europe. Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal, 20. https://muslimheritage.com/kerala-math-transmission-europe/
Cited in: Chapter 3 (2 times)
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S156 Andersen, K. (1985). Cavalieri's method of indivisibles. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, [vol unverified], [pages unverified]. Springer. https://www.tau.ac.il/~corry/teaching/toldot/download/Andersen.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S237 Arthur, R. T. W. (2006). The Remarkable Fecundity of Leibniz's Work on Infinite Series. Review of Leibniz, Samtliche Schriften und Briefe VII.3 / III.5, 1-6. McMaster University. https://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~rarthur/papers/Fecundity.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 7 (3 times)
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S063 Aydin, Nuh; Hammoudi, Lakhdar (n.d.). Introduction and biography, in Al-Kashi's Miftah al-Hisab, Volume I: Arithmetic. Translation and Commentary. Al-Kashi's Miftah al-Hisab, Volume I: Arithmetic, I, 1-13 (introduction). Birkhauser/Springer. https://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Math/Aydin/Teach/Fall17/128/MiftahIntro.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 3 (2 times)
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S367 Bascelli, T. e. a. (2018). Cauchy's Infinitesimals, His Sum Theorem, and Foundational Paradigms. Foundations of Science, 23, 267-296. Springer. https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.07723
Cited in: Chapter 10
en read in full
S436 Baydin, Pearlmutter, Radul and Siskind, A. G. e. a. (2018). Automatic differentiation in machine learning: a survey. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 18 (153), 1-43. https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.05767
Cited in: Chapter 12 (7 times), Appendix E
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S395 Bishop, E. (1977). Review: H. Jerome Keisler, Elementary Calculus. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 83, 205-208. American Mathematical Society. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183538669
Cited in: Chapter 10, Appendix K
en not obtained, supports no claim
S368 Borovik, A. (2012). Who Gave You the Cauchy-Weierstrass Tale? The Dual History of Rigorous Calculus. Foundations of Science, 17, 245-276. Springer. https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.2885
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
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S313 Brown, B. H. (1942). The Euler-Diderot Anecdote. The American Mathematical Monthly, 49 (5), 302-303. Mathematical Association of America. https://doi.org/10.1080/00029890.1942.11991228
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S160 Burn, R. P. [. (2001). Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa and logarithms. Historia Mathematica, 28(1) [unverified], 1-17 [unverified]. Elsevier. http://users.uoa.gr/~apgiannop/Sources/Sarasa.pdf en not obtained, supports no claim
S203 Chin, S. A. (2021). Modern light on ancient feud: Robert Hooke and Newton's graphical method. arXiv, arXiv:2106.07082. https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.07082
Cited in: Chapter 6 (2 times)
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S155 Coolidge, J. L. (1950). The number e. The American Mathematical Monthly, 57(9), 591-602. Mathematical Association of America. https://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~marin/une_autre_crypto/articles_et_extraits_livres/irationalite/Coolidge_J.L._the_number_e.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S336 Craik, A. D. D. (2013). 'Continuity and change': representing mass conservation in fluid mechanics. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 67 (1), 43-80. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00407-012-0108-7 en abstract only, supports no claim
S075 Cupillari, A. (2014). Maria Gaetana Agnesi's other curves (more than just the witch). Mathematics Magazine, 87(1), 3-13. Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Mathematical Association of America. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.4169/math.mag.87.1.3
Cited in: Chapter 9 (2 times), Appendix K
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S341 Darrigol, O. (2005). Worlds of Flow: A History of Hydrodynamics from the Bernoullis to Prandtl. Oxford University Press. https://archive.org/details/worldsofflowhist0000darr_b9p7 en not obtained, supports no claim
S288 De Morgan, A. (1914). Essays on the Life and Work of Newton (P. E. B. Jourdain, Ed.). Open Court. https://archive.org/details/cu31924012316901
Cited in: Chapter 8 (3 times)
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S076 Del Centina, Andrea, & Fiocca, Alessandra (2020). Borelli's edition of books V-VII of Apollonius's Conics, and Lemma 12 in Newton's Principia. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 74(3), 255-279. Springer Nature. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45294387
Cited in: Chapter 6 (4 times)
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S285 Dhombres, J. G. (2014). A Tentative Interpretation of the Epistemological Significance of the Encrypted Message Sent by Newton to Leibniz in October 1676. Advances in Historical Studies, 3(1), 22-32. SCIRP. https://www.scirp.org/pdf/AHS_2014022817243062.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 8
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S342 Eckert, M. (n.d.). Euler's involvement in practical hydrodynamics on the eve of ideal flow theory. Euler Equations 250 (EE250) conference materials. Deutsches Museum, Munich. https://www-n.oca.eu/etc7/EE250/presentations/Eckert.pdf
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S073 Feingold, M. (1993). Newton, Leibniz, and Barrow too: An attempt at a reinterpretation. Isis, 84(2), 310-338. University of Chicago Press on behalf of the History of Science Society. https://www.jstor.org/stable/236236
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S070 Fellmann, E. A. (1988). The 'Principia' and continental mathematicians. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 42(1), 13-34. Royal Society. https://www.jstor.org/stable/531367
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S312 Gibson, G. A. (1921). Taylor's Theorem and Bernoulli's Theorem: A Historical Note. Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, 39, 25-33. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0013091500035768
Cited in: Chapter 9 (4 times)
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S314 Gillings, R. J. (1954). The So-Called Euler-Diderot Incident. The American Mathematical Monthly, 61 (2), 77-80. Mathematical Association of America. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2307789
Cited in: Chapter 9 (2 times)
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S360 Grabiner, J. V. (1983). Who Gave You the Epsilon? Cauchy and the Origins of Rigorous Calculus. American Mathematical Monthly, 90, 185-194. Mathematical Association of America. https://www.matharticles.com/ma/ma002.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 1, Chapter 10 (2 times)
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S335 Grabiner, J. V. (1997). Was Newton's Calculus a Dead End? The Continental Influence of Maclaurin's Treatise of Fluxions. The American Mathematical Monthly, 104 (5), 393-410. Mathematical Association of America. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&context=pitzer_fac_pub en read in full
S438 Griewank, A. (2012). Who invented the reverse mode of differentiation? Documenta Mathematica, Extra Volume: Optimization Stories (ISMP 2012), 389-400. https://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/EMIS/journals/DMJDMV/vol-ismp/52_griewank-andreas-b.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 12 (3 times)
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S204 Guicciardini, N. (2004). Isaac Newton and the publication of his mathematical manuscripts. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 35(3), 455-470. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2004.06.002
Cited in: Chapter 6 (25 times), Chapter 8 (6 times), Appendix K (2 times)
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S020 Guo, S. (2013). The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Procedures and Liu Hui's Mathematical Theory. Seki, Founder of Modern Mathematics in Japan (Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics), 39. Springer. https://legacy-www.math.harvard.edu/~knill/teaching/math22a2018/exhibits/ninechapters/Guo_Shuchun_2013.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 3 (2 times)
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S386 Johansson, J. (2003). Continuous Nowhere Differentiable Functions (Master's thesis 2003:320 CIV). Lulea University of Technology. https://andrescaicedo.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ltu-ex-03320-se.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 10 (5 times)
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S445 Joseph, G. G. (2011). The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics - full text not obtained. Princeton University Press. https://archive.org/details/crestofpeacockno00jose en not obtained, supports no claim
S061 Katz, V. J. (1995). Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India. Mathematics Magazine, 68(3), 163-174. Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Mathematical Association of America. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2691411
Cited in: Chapter 3 (13 times), Appendix E (2 times), Appendix K
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S130 Katz, Mikhail G., Schaps, David M., & Shnider, Steven (2013). Almost equal: The method of adequality from Diophantus to Fermat and beyond. Perspectives on Science, 21(3), 283-324. MIT Press. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1210.7750
Cited in: Chapter 5 (4 times), Chapter 9
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S390 Katz, M. G. (2018). A footnote to 'The crisis in contemporary mathematics'. Historia Mathematica. Elsevier. https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.02645
Cited in: Chapter 10 (3 times), Appendix K
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S491 Katz, M. G. (2020). Mathematical Conquerors, Unguru Polarity, and the Task of History. Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, 10(1), 475-515. Claremont Colleges Library. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.00249 (published: https://doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.202001.27)
Cited in: Chapter 2 (3 times)
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S193 Keynes, J. M. (1947). Newton, the Man. The Royal Society Newton Tercentenary Celebrations, 15-19 July 1946, 27-34. Cambridge University Press. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Keynes_Newton/
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S458 Kichenassamy, S. (2020). Apodictic discourse and the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz inequality. Ganita Bharati, 42(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.32381/GB.2020.42.1-2.1 en read in full
S234 Lemley, S. V. (2021). Printing Leibniz's Calculus: Dating and Numbering the Editions of the Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis (October 1684). The Library, 22(2), 177-196. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/library/22.2.177 en abstract only, supports no claim
S161 Martin, J. (2010). The Helen of Geometry. The College Mathematics Journal, 41(1), 17-28. Mathematical Association of America. https://doi.org/10.4169/074683410X475083
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S077 Mazzotti, M. (2001). Maria Gaetana Agnesi: Mathematics and the making of the Catholic Enlightenment. Isis, 92(4), 657-683. University of Chicago Press on behalf of the History of Science Society. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3080337
Cited in: Chapter 9 (14 times), Appendix K
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S322 Monks, K. M. (2019). Euler's Calculation of the Sum of the Reciprocals of Squares [with Euler E41 in Jordan Bell's translation]. TRIUMPHS: Calculus, no. 9, 1-15. Ursinus College. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/triumphs_calculus/9
Cited in: Chapter 9 (2 times)
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S202 Nauenberg, M. (2003). Kepler's area law in the Principia: filling in some details in Newton's proof of Proposition 1. Historia Mathematica, 30 (4), 441-456. Elsevier. https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0112048 en read in full
S138 Nauenberg, M. (2011). Barrow and Leibniz on the fundamental theorem of the calculus. arXiv:1111.6145. arXiv. https://ar5iv.arxiv.org/html/1111.6145
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S003 Netz, R. (2002). A New Reading of Method Proposition 14: Preliminary Evidence from the Archimedes Palimpsest (Part 2). SCIAMVS, 3, 109-125. https://www.sciamvs.org/files/SCIAMVS_03_109-125_Netz_Saito_Tchernetska.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 2 (2 times)
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S050 Ramasubramanian, K. (n.d.). Development of Calculus in India. Cell for Indian Science and Technology in Sanskrit, IIT Bombay / Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai. https://www.ms.uky.edu/~sohum/ma330/files/india_calculus.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 3 (6 times)
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S062 Roy, R. (1990). The Discovery of the Series Formula for pi by Leibniz, Gregory and Nilakantha. Mathematics Magazine, 63(5), 291-306. Mathematical Association of America. http://users.uoa.gr/~apgiannop/Sources/Roy-pi.pdf en read in full
S437 Schmidhuber, J. (2015). Deep learning in neural networks: an overview. Neural Networks, 61, 85-117. Elsevier. https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.7828
Cited in: Chapter 12 (5 times)
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S132 Sherry, D. (2018). The Jesuits and the method of indivisibles. Foundations of Science, 23(2), 367-392. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-017-9525-z
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S194 Snobelen, S. D. (1999). Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite. The British Journal for the History of Science, 32 (4), 381-419. Cambridge University Press. https://isaac-newton.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/heretic.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 6, Appendix K
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S460 Stigler, S. M. (1980). Stiglers Law of Eponymy. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 39(1 Series II), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2164-0947.1980.tb02775.x
Cited in: Appendix D, Appendix K
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S105 Sylla, E. D. (1987). The Oxford Calculators in context. Science in Context, 1(2), 257-279. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700000387 en abstract only, supports no claim
S449 Tamboukou, M. (2026). Automathographical Traces in Wang Zhenyi's Travel Poetry. European Journal of Life Writing, 15, 29-52. https://doi.org/10.21827/ejlw.15.43079 (OA PDF: https://ejlw.eu/article/download/43079/40360)
Cited in: Chapter 11
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S394 Taton, R. (1971). Sur les relations scientifiques d'Augustin Cauchy et d'Evariste Galois. Revue d'histoire des sciences, 24, 123-148. https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhs_0151-4105_1971_num_24_2_3196 fr not obtained, supports no claim
S315 Truesdell, C. (1958). The New Bernoulli Edition [section IV, The correspondence between Bernoulli and L'Hopital, read in full]. Isis, 49 (1), 54-62. History of Science Society. https://people.math.harvard.edu/~knill/teaching/math1a_2011/exhibits/bernoulli/index.html
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S340 Truesdell, C. (1989). Maria Gaetana Agnesi. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 40 (2), 113-142. Springer. en not obtained, supports no claim
S071 Verelst, K. (2014). Newton versus Leibniz: Intransparency versus inconsistency. Synthese, 191(13), 2907-2940. Springer. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24021587 en read in full
S023 Wagner, D. B. (1978). Liu Hui and Zu Gengzhi on the Volume of a Sphere. Chinese Science, 3, 59-79. http://donwagner.dk/SPHERE/SPHERE.html
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S064 Whitman, E. A. (1943). Some Historical Notes on the Cycloid. The American Mathematical Monthly, 50(5), 309-315. Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Mathematical Association of America. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2302830
Cited in: Chapter 5 (7 times), Appendix E (2 times), Appendix K (2 times)
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S157 Wijeratne, Chanakya, & Zazkis, Rina (2015). On painter's paradox: Contextual and mathematical approaches to infinity. International Journal of Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education, 1, 163-186. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40753-015-0004-z
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S068 Zinsser, J. P. (2007). Mentors, the marquise Du Chatelet and historical memory. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 61(2), 89-108. Royal Society. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20462616
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S065 Zinsser, J. P. (2009). Feminist Biography: A Contradiction in Terms? The Eighteenth Century, 50(1), 43-50. University of Pennsylvania Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41468055 en read in full

Tier 3: reference works with named authorship and citations

Tier 3: reference works with named authorship and citations. 123 sources, alphabetical by author.
ID Reference (APA 7) Language Access
S004 Lost and Found: The Secrets of Archimedes. (n.d.). The Walters Art Museum. The Walters Art Museum. https://thewalters.org/news/lost-and-found-the-secrets-of-archimedes/
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S005 The Archimedes Palimpsest (project website: About, Imaging, Archimedes pages). (n.d.). The Archimedes Palimpsest Project. http://archimedespalimpsest.org/
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S060 Trigonometry: India and the Islamic World. (n.d.). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/trigonometry/India-and-the-Islamic-world
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S463 (this project) (n.d.). Pronunciation conventions applied to people.csv. en read in full
S151 [attributed to Jourdain, P. E. B. - UNVERIFIED] (1911). Infinitesimal Calculus: History. Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Infinitesimal_Calculus/History
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S143 [author unverified] (n.d.). Pascal, Blaise. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. University of Tennessee at Martin. https://iep.utm.edu/pascal-b/
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S069 Allen, B. (2007). The multi-tasking marquise [Review of J. Zinsser, La Dame d'Esprit: A Biography of the Marquise Du Chatelet]. The Hudson Review, 60(2), 311-318. The Hudson Review, Inc. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20464714
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S329 Ashworth, William B., Jr. (n.d.). Jacob Bernoulli [Scientist of the Day]. Linda Hall Library. Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology. https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/jacob-bernoulli/
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S369 Bell, J. L. (2022). Continuity and Infinitesimals. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/continuity/
Cited in: Chapter 10
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S323 Bogart, D., Klyve, D., & Stemkoski, L. (Eds.) (n.d.). The Euler Archive: Enestrom records E41, E65, E101, E212. University of the Pacific / MAA. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/euler-works/
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S334 British Society for the History of Mathematics (n.d.). Scientific Challenges and Encryption of Discoveries in 17th Century Rational Mechanics. BSHM. British Society for the History of Mathematics. https://www.bshm.ac.uk/scientific-challenges-and-encryption-discoveries-17th-century-rational-mechanics en read in full
S456 Cajori, F. (1919). A History of Mathematics (2nd ed., revised and enlarged). Macmillan. https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00cajo en read in full
S389 Calder, J. (2014). Weierstrass's non-differentiable function. Math 104 course notes. University of Minnesota. https://www-users.cse.umn.edu/~jwcalder/104F14/weierstrass-function.pdf
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S198 Cambridge University Library (n.d.). Newton Papers: Newton's Waste Book (MS Add. 4004). Cambridge Digital Library. University of Cambridge. https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-04004/1
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S199 Cambridge University Library (n.d.). Newton Papers: Early Papers (MS Add. 3958). Cambridge Digital Library, ff. 48v-63v; 78r-80v. University of Cambridge. https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-03958
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S134 Cardil, R. (n.d.). Kepler: The volume of a wine barrel. Loci: Convergence. Mathematical Association of America. http://www.matematicasvisuales.com/loci/kepler/doliometry.html en read in full
S108 Caroti, S. (2005). Oresme, Nicole (c. 1320-1382). Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2nd ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/oresme-nicole-c-1320-1382
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S493 Coleman, Alice, and others (1977). The Advanced Placement Program in California (Revised). Sacramento: California State Department of Education. https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED145544
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S448 Commission on the Future of the Advanced Placement Program (2001). Access to Excellence: A Report of the Commission on the Future of the Advanced Placement Program. College Entrance Examination Board. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED561056.pdf en read in full
S152 Davis, A. E. L. (2006). Kepler's laws. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Keplers_laws/
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S054 Dennis, D. (2009). Alhazen's Summation Formulas. Quadrivium. http://www.quadrivium.info/MathInt/Notes/AlHazenSummation.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 3 (3 times)
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S343 Dumbaugh, D. (2019). Maria Gaetana Agnesi. Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 66(3), 414-415. American Mathematical Society. https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201903/rnoti-p414.pdf en read in full
S106 Gale, (corporate author) (2018). Richard Swineshead. Encyclopedia.com. Gale/Cengage. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy-biographies/richard-swineshead
Cited in: Appendix K
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S074 Goldberg, H. (2008). Ideas and eternity. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, 41(2), 138-144. Rabbinical Council of America. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23263708
Cited in: Appendix K
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S201 History of Parliament Trust (n.d.). NEWTON, Isaac (1642-1727), of Jermyn Street, Westminster. The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690-1715. Boydell & Brewer. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/newton-isaac-1642-1727 en read in full
S007 Huggett, N. (2024). Zeno's Paradoxes. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-zeno/
Cited in: Chapter 2 (2 times)
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S102 Jung, E. (2022). Richard Kilvington. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kilvington/
Cited in: Chapter 4
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S101 Jung, E. (2026). William Heytesbury. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heytesbury/
Cited in: Chapter 4 (3 times)
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S388 Kesavan, S. (n.d.). Continuous functions that are nowhere differentiable. Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai. https://www.imsc.res.in/~kesh/nowhere.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
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S100 Kirschner, S. (2025). Nicole Oresme. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nicole-oresme/
Cited in: Chapter 4
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S284 Kollerstrom, N. (2012). The Birth of Calculus: Towards a More Leibnizian View. arXiv:1212.2666. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1212.2666
Cited in: Chapter 8
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S236 Look, B. C. (2013). Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/
Cited in: Chapter 7
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S104 Lovell-Read, F. (n.d.). The Merton Calculators. Merton College, University of Oxford. https://www.merton.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/inline-files/The%20Merton%20Calculators.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 4 (2 times)
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S139 Miller, J. (n.d.). Earliest uses of symbols of calculus. Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols. University of St Andrews (host). https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathsym/calculus/
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S452 Miller, J. (n.d.). Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus. Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathsym/calculus/ en read in full
S006 Miller, M. K. (2007). Reading Between the Lines. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/reading-between-the-lines-148131057/
Cited in: Chapter 2 (3 times)
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S238 Miller, J. (n.d.). Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus. Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols. https://jeff560.tripod.com/calculus.html
Cited in: Chapter 7
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S324 Miller, J. (n.d.). Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: INTEGRAL, INTEGRAL CALCULUS, DERIVATIVE, DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS, FUNCTION. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathword/
Cited in: Chapter 9
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S325 Miller, J. (n.d.). Earliest Uses of Symbols for Constants; Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathsym/
Cited in: Chapter 9 (3 times)
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S392 Miller, Jeff (Ed.) (n.d.). Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (L) - LIMIT. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathword/l/ en read in full
S393 Miller, Jeff (Ed.) (n.d.). Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathsym/set/ en read in full
S453 Miller and Aldrich, J. a. J. (n.d.). Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (letters A-V). MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathword/
Cited in: Chapter 1 (2 times), Appendix K
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S370 Morscher, E. (2018). Bernard Bolzano. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bolzano/
Cited in: Chapter 10
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S008 O'Connor, J. J. (n.d.). Eudoxus of Cnidus. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Eudoxus/
Cited in: Chapter 2 (2 times)
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S021 O'Connor, J. J. (n.d.). Zu Chongzhi. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Zu_Chongzhi/
Cited in: Chapter 3, Appendix K
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S022 O'Connor, J. J. (n.d.). Liu Hui. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Liu_Hui/ en read in full
S053 O'Connor, J. J. (n.d.). Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Sharaf/
Cited in: Chapter 3
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S055 O'Connor, J. J. (n.d.). Madhava of Sangamagramma. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Madhava/
Cited in: Chapter 3
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S056 O'Connor, J. J. (n.d.). Nilakantha Somayaji. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Nilakantha/
Cited in: Chapter 3
en read in full
S057 O'Connor, J. J. (n.d.). Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Thabit/
Cited in: Chapter 3 (2 times), Appendix K
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S058 O'Connor, J. J. (n.d.). Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Haytham/
Cited in: Chapter 3
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S059 O'Connor, J. J. (n.d.). Aryabhata the Elder. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aryabhata_I/ en read in full
S103 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Thomas Bradwardine. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bradwardine/
Cited in: Chapter 4, Appendix K
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S135 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Bonaventura Cavalieri. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cavalieri/
Cited in: Chapter 5 (2 times)
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S136 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). James Gregory. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gregory/
Cited in: Chapter 5 (2 times)
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S137 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Gilles Personne de Roberval. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Roberval/
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S140 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Isaac Barrow. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Barrow/ en read in full
S141 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Gregory of Saint Vincent. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Saint-Vincent/ en read in full
S142 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Pietro Mengoli. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mengoli/
Cited in: Chapter 5
en read in full
S144 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Pierre de Fermat. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fermat/
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S145 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). John Wallis. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Wallis/
Cited in: Chapter 5
en read in full
S146 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Rene Francois Walter de Sluze. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Sluze/ en read in full
S147 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Johann van Waveren Hudde. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hudde/
Cited in: Chapter 5
en read in full
S148 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Rene Descartes. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes/
Cited in: Chapter 5 (2 times)
en read in full
S149 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Nicolaus Mercator. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mercator_Nicolaus/
Cited in: Chapter 5
en read in full
S150 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Christiaan Huygens. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Huygens/
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S153 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Blaise Pascal. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pascal/
Cited in: Chapter 5
en read in full
S154 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Johannes Kepler. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kepler/
Cited in: Chapter 5
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S131 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (2002). Evangelista Torricelli. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Torricelli/
Cited in: Chapter 5
en read in full
S326 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Leonhard Euler. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Euler/
Cited in: Chapter 9, Appendix K
en read in full
S327 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Maria Gaetana Agnesi. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Agnesi/ en read in full
S328 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Jacob Bernoulli's tomb in Basel. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Bernoulli_tomb/
Cited in: Chapter 9
en read in full
S330 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). The brachistochrone problem. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Brachistochrone/
Cited in: Chapter 9
en read in full
S331 O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Taylor versus Continental mathematicians. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Taylor_continental/ en read in full
S371 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Bernard Bolzano. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bolzano/
Cited in: Chapter 10
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S372 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Augustin-Louis Cauchy. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cauchy/
Cited in: Chapter 10
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S373 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Karl Weierstrass. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Weierstrass/
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
en read in full
S374 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Sofia Kovalevskaya. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kovalevskaya/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (2 times)
en read in full
S375 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Bernhard Riemann. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Riemann/
Cited in: Chapter 10
en read in full
S376 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Georg Cantor. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cantor/
Cited in: Chapter 10
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S377 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Henri Lebesgue. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lebesgue/
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times), Appendix K
en read in full
S378 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Charles Meray. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Meray/
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
en read in full
S379 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Lejeune Dirichlet. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Dirichlet/ en read in full
S380 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Evariste Galois. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galois/
Cited in: Chapter 10
en read in full
S381 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Abraham Robinson. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Robinson/
Cited in: Chapter 10
en read in full
S382 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Richard Dedekind. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Dedekind/
Cited in: Chapter 10
en read in full
S383 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Joseph Fourier. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fourier/
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
en read in full
S384 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Bolzano publications. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Bolzano_publications/
Cited in: Chapter 10
en read in full
S385 O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E. F. (n.d.). Quotations by Niels Abel. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abel/quotations/
Cited in: Chapter 10
en read in full
S457 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Viktor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky (1804-1889). MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bunyakovsky/ en read in full
S459 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Michel Rolle (1652-1719). MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Rolle/ en read in full
S462 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Biographies of Thomas Simpson, William Jones and L. F. A. Arbogast. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Simpson/ en read in full
S414 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Mary Fairfax Greig Somerville. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Somerville/ en read in full
S416 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lovelace/
Cited in: Chapter 11
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S418 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Amalie Emmy Noether. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Noether_Emmy/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (4 times), Appendix K (2 times)
en read in full
S419 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Grace Chisholm Young. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chisholm_Young/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (3 times)
en read in full
S420 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cartwright/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (2 times)
en read in full
S421 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Julia Hall Bowman Robinson. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Robinson/
Cited in: Chapter 11
en read in full
S424 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Johnson_Katherine/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (2 times)
en read in full
S426 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Gladys Mae Brown West. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/West_Gladys/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (2 times)
en read in full
S427 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Evelyn Boyd Granville. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Granville/ en read in full
S428 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Marjorie Lee Browne. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Browne/ en read in full
S429 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Takakazu Shinsuke Seki. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Seki/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (2 times)
en read in full
S430 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Takebe Katahiro. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Takebe/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (3 times)
en read in full
S431 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ramanujan/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (4 times)
en read in full
S432 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Abraham Robinson. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Robinson/
Cited in: Chapter 10
en read in full
S433 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Laurent Moise Schwartz. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Schwartz/
Cited in: Chapter 12 (2 times)
en read in full
S434 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Bourbaki: the pre-war years. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Bourbaki_1/
Cited in: Chapter 12
en read in full
S435 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Johann Radon; Otton Marcin Nikodym; Marshall Harvey Stone (three biographies). MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Radon/
Cited in: Chapter 12 (2 times)
en read in full
S441 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). Howard Jerome Keisler. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Keisler/ en read in full
S442 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (n.d.). William Whewell. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Whewell/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (2 times)
en read in full
S410 OConnor and Robertson, J. J. a. E. F. (2020). Marie-Sophie Germain. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Germain/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (5 times), Appendix K
en read in full
S235 O’Connor & Robertson, J. J. & E. F. (n.d.). Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Leibniz/
Cited in: Chapter 7 (3 times)
en read in full
S052 Pearce, I. G. (n.d.). Keralese Mathematics IV: Possible Transmission of Keralese Mathematics to Europe. Indian Mathematics: Redressing the Balance (MacTutor project). University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Projects/Pearce/chapter-19/
Cited in: Chapter 3
en read in full
S332 Project Vox (n.d.). Du Chatelet (1706-1749). Project Vox. Duke University Libraries. https://projectvox.org/du-chatelet-1706-1749/
Cited in: Chapter 9 (2 times)
en read in full
S387 Ruch, D. (2021). Bolzano on Continuity and the Intermediate Value Theorem. TRIUMPHS: Transforming Instruction in Undergraduate Mathematics via Primary Historical Sources (Analysis). Ursinus College Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/triumphs_analysis/
Cited in: Chapter 10 (2 times)
en read in full
S425 Shetterly, M. L. (n.d.). Mary W. Jackson biography. NASA. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://www.nasa.gov/people/mary-w-jackson-biography/
Cited in: Chapter 11
en read in full
S422 Shetterly, M. L. (2016). Katherine Johnson biography. NASA History Office. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://www.nasa.gov/history/katherine-johnson-biography/
Cited in: Chapter 11 (4 times)
en read in full
S480 Sylla, E. D. (2008). Dumbleton, John. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Scribner's Sons. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/dumbleton-john
Cited in: Chapter 4 (2 times)
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S333 Tou, E. R. (2014). D. Bernoulli, Euler, and the Development of Fluid Mechanics. Euler Society 2014 Meeting, 1-8. Pacific Lutheran University. http://faculty.washington.edu/etou/documents/TouE-GeometryFluidMechanics.pdf
Cited in: Chapter 9 (2 times)
en read in full
S200 Westminster Abbey (n.d.). Sir Isaac Newton (Abbey commemorations). Dean and Chapter of Westminster. https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/sir-isaac-newton
Cited in: Chapter 6, Chapter 7, Appendix K
en;la read in full
S243 Westminster Abbey (n.d.). Sir Isaac Newton (Abbey commemorations). Westminster Abbey. https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/sir-isaac-newton
Cited in: Chapter 7 (2 times)
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S287 Wikimedia Commons (n.d.). Image records for Acta Eruditorum, October 1684 (Nova Methodus first page, incipit, Tabula XII). Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leibniz-Acta-1684-NovaMethodus.jpg en;la read in full

Tier not assigned

Tier not assigned. 2 sources, alphabetical by author.
ID Reference (APA 7) Language Access
S443 Wang Zhenyi - admissible scholarship identified (Tamboukou 2026 = S449; Bernardi 2016, Springer; Chinese-language studies 1997-2007) but no full text obtainable; she remains excluded from the document. (n.d.). - not obtained, supports no claim
S444 Calculus in secondary schools and the origin of AP Calculus - PARTIALLY CLOSED: AP scale and the College Board's own 1955 date now sourced (S446, S447, S448) and the 1901 Perry campaign sourced (S492); the founding narrative, the start of AP Calculus and the AB/BC split remain unsourced. (n.d.). https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/about-ap/ap-history en not obtained, supports no claim